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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Enigma rotor details</h1>
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<tr>
<th class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: bold;">The Enigma<br />
cipher machine</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma-logo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Enigma-logo.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Enigma-logo.jpg/100px-Enigma-logo.jpg" width="100" height="44" /></a></td>
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<td style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; text-align:left;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Enigma rotors</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">Breaking Enigma</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biuro_Szyfr%C3%B3w" title="Biuro Szyfrów">Polish Cipher<br />
Bureau</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Enigma_doubles" title="Polish Enigma doubles">Doubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grill_(cryptology)" title="Grill (cryptology)">Grill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clock_(cryptography)" title="Clock (cryptography)">Clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclometer" title="Cyclometer">Cyclometer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)" title="Bomba (cryptography)">Bomba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zygalski_sheets" title="Zygalski sheets">Zygalski sheets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banburismus" title="Banburismus">Banburismus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herivel_tip" title="Herivel tip" class="mw-redirect">Herivel tip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Known-plaintext_attack" title="Known-plaintext attack">Crib</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe">Bombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hut_6" title="Hut 6">Hut 6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hut_8" title="Hut 8">Hut 8</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PC_Bruno" title="PC Bruno">PC Bruno</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ultra" title="Ultra">Ultra</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EnigmaSeries" title="Template:EnigmaSeries"><span style="" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EnigmaSeries" title="Template talk:EnigmaSeries"><span style="" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:EnigmaSeries&amp;action=edit"><span style="" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
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<p>This article contains technical details about the rotors of the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>.</p>
<p>Understanding the way the machine encrypts requires taking into account the current position of each rotor, the ring setting and its internal wiring.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Physical_design_of_rotors"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Physical design of rotors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rotor_electrical_view"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rotor electrical view</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_rotor_offset"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The rotor offset</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_ring_setting"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The ring setting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rotor_wiring_tables"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Rotor wiring tables</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Swiss_K"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Swiss K</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Turnover_positions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Turnover positions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Normalized_Enigma_sequences"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Normalized Enigma sequences</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Physical design of rotors">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_design_of_rotors">Physical design of rotors</span></h2>
<div class="center">
<div class="thumb tnone">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:452px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma_rotor_wiring.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Enigma_rotor_wiring.png/450px-Enigma_rotor_wiring.png" width="450" height="300" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma_rotor_wiring.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Detail of rotor internal structure and wiring on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Museum" title="National Cryptologic Museum">US National Cryptologic Museum</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><br style="clear: left" /></p>
<table class="toccolours" style="background:white; margin:1em auto; clear:both; font-size:94%;">
<tr>
<th style="background:#ddddff; padding:.3em" colspan="2">Exploded view of an Enigma rotor</th>
<td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
<th style="background:#ddddff; padding:.3em">Three rotors in sequence</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma_rotor_exploded_view.png" class="image"><img alt="Enigma rotor exploded view.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Enigma_rotor_exploded_view.png/220px-Enigma_rotor_exploded_view.png" width="220" height="262" /></a></td>
<td>
<ol>
<li>notched ring</li>
<li>marking dot for "A" contact</li>
<li>alphabet tyre</li>
<li>plate contacts</li>
<li>wire connections</li>
<li>pin contacts</li>
<li>spring-loaded ring adjusting lever</li>
<li>hub</li>
<li>finger wheel</li>
<li>ratchet wheel</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma_rotor_set.png" class="image"><img alt="Enigma rotor set.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Enigma_rotor_set.png/240px-Enigma_rotor_set.png" width="240" height="190" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear: left" /></p>
<ul class="gallery">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma-rotor-pin-contacts.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enigma-rotor-pin-contacts.jpg/115px-Enigma-rotor-pin-contacts.jpg" width="115" height="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The right side of a rotor, showing the pin electrical contacts. The Roman numeral V identifies the wiring of the rotor.</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma-rotor-flat-contacts.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Enigma-rotor-flat-contacts.jpg/115px-Enigma-rotor-flat-contacts.jpg" width="115" height="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The left side of an Enigma rotor, showing the flat electrical contacts. A single turnover notch is visible on the left edge of the rotor.</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Rotor electrical view">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rotor_electrical_view">Rotor electrical view</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma-action.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Enigma-action.svg/400px-Enigma-action.svg.png" width="400" height="455" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma-action.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The scrambling action of the Enigma rotors shown for two consecutive letters — current is passed into set of rotors, around the reflector, and back out through the rotors again.<br />
<br />
<i>Note: The grayed-out lines represent other possible circuits within each rotor, which are hard-wired to contacts on each rotor.</i></div>
</div>
</div>
<p><br style="clear: both" /></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: The rotor offset">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_rotor_offset">The rotor offset</span></h2>
<p>In order to understand the effect of rotation on the rotors we demonstrate this by some examples.</p>
<p>As an example, let us take rotor type I without any ring setting offset. You can see that an <tt>A</tt> is encoded as an <tt>E</tt>, a <tt>B</tt> encoded as a <tt>K</tt>, and a <tt>K</tt> is encoded as an <tt>N</tt>. Notice that every letter is encoded into another.</p>
<p>In the case of the reflectors, we take Wide <tt>B</tt> where an <tt>A</tt> is returned as a <tt>Y</tt> and the <tt>Y</tt> is returned as an <tt>A</tt>. Notice that the wirings are connected as a loop between two letters.</p>
<p>When a rotor has stepped, you must take into account the offset to know what the output is, and where it enters the next rotor.</p>
<p>If for example rotor I is in the <tt>B</tt>-position, an <tt>A</tt> enters at the letter <tt>B</tt> which is wired to the <tt>K</tt>. Because of the offset this <tt>K</tt> enters the next rotor in the <tt>J</tt> position.</p>
<p>With the rotors I, II and III (from left to right), wide <tt>B-reflector</tt>, all ring settings in <tt>A-position</tt>, and start position <tt>AAA</tt>, typing <tt>AAAAA</tt> will produce the encoded sequence <tt>BDZGO</tt>.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: The ring setting">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_ring_setting">The ring setting</span></h2>
<p>The ring settings, or <i>Ringstellung</i>, are used to change the position of the internal wiring relative to the rotor. They do not change the notch or the alphabet ring on the exterior. Those are fixed to the rotor. Changing the ring setting will therefore change the positions of the wiring, relative to the turnover-point and start position.</p>
<p>The ring setting will rotate the wiring. Where rotor I in the <tt>A</tt>-position normally encodes an <tt>A</tt> into an <tt>E</tt>, with a ring setting offset <tt>B</tt>-02 it will be encoded into <tt>K</tt></p>
<p>As mentioned before these encodings only happen after the key is pressed and the rotor has turned. Tracing the signal on the rotors <tt>AAA</tt> is therefore only possible if a key is pressed while the rotors were in the position <tt>AAZ</tt>.</p>
<p>With the rotors I, II, III (from left to right), wide <tt>B-reflector</tt>, all ring settings in <tt>B-position</tt>, and start position <tt>AAA</tt>, typing <tt>AAAAA</tt> will produce the encoded sequence <tt>EWTYX</tt>.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Rotor wiring tables">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rotor_wiring_tables">Rotor wiring tables</span></h2>
<p>This table shows how the internal wiring connects the right side of the rotor (with the springloaded contacts) to the left side. Each rotor is a simple substitution cipher. The letters are listed as connected to alphabet order. If the first letter of a rotor is <tt>E</tt>, this means that the <tt>A</tt> is wired to the <tt>E</tt>. This does not mean that <tt>E</tt> is wired to <tt>A</tt>. This looped wiring is only the case with the reflectors.</p>
<dl>
<dt>Terminology</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><i>The reflector is also known as the reversing drum or, from the German, the Umkehrwalze or UKW.</i></li>
</ul>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption><b>Rotor Wiring</b></caption>
<tr>
<th>Rotor #</th>
<th><tt>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</tt></th>
<th>Date Introduced</th>
<th>Model Name &amp; Number</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I<i>C</i></td>
<td><tt>DMTWSILRUYQNKFEJCAZBPGXOHV</tt></td>
<td>1924</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commercial_Enigma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Commercial Enigma (page does not exist)">Commercial Enigma</a> A, B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>II<i>C</i></td>
<td><tt>HQZGPJTMOBLNCIFDYAWVEUSRKX</tt></td>
<td>1924</td>
<td>Commercial Enigma A, B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>III<i>C</i></td>
<td><tt>UQNTLSZFMREHDPXKIBVYGJCWOA</tt></td>
<td>1924</td>
<td>Commercial Enigma A, B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Rotor #</th>
<th><tt>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</tt></th>
<th>Date Introduced</th>
<th>Model Name &amp; Number</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td><tt>JGDQOXUSCAMIFRVTPNEWKBLZYH</tt></td>
<td>7 February 1941</td>
<td>German Railway (Rocket)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>II</td>
<td><tt>NTZPSFBOKMWRCJDIVLAEYUXHGQ</tt></td>
<td>7 February 1941</td>
<td>German Railway (Rocket)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>III</td>
<td><tt>JVIUBHTCDYAKEQZPOSGXNRMWFL</tt></td>
<td>7 February 1941</td>
<td>German Railway (Rocket)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UKW</td>
<td><tt>QYHOGNECVPUZTFDJAXWMKISRBL</tt></td>
<td>7 February 1941</td>
<td>German Railway (Rocket)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ETW</td>
<td><tt>QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML</tt></td>
<td>7 February 1941</td>
<td>German Railway (Rocket)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Rotor #</th>
<th><tt>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</tt></th>
<th>Date Introduced</th>
<th>Model Name &amp; Number</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I-<i>K</i></td>
<td><tt>PEZUOHXSCVFMTBGLRINQJWAYDK</tt></td>
<td>February 1939</td>
<td>Swiss K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>II-<i>K</i></td>
<td><tt>ZOUESYDKFWPCIQXHMVBLGNJRAT</tt></td>
<td>February 1939</td>
<td>Swiss K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>III-<i>K</i></td>
<td><tt>EHRVXGAOBQUSIMZFLYNWKTPDJC</tt></td>
<td>February 1939</td>
<td>Swiss K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UKW-<i>K</i></td>
<td><tt>IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN</tt></td>
<td>February 1939</td>
<td>Swiss K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ETW-<i>K</i></td>
<td><tt>QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML</tt></td>
<td>February 1939</td>
<td>Swiss K</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Rotor #</th>
<th><tt>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</tt></th>
<th>Date Introduced</th>
<th>Model Name &amp; Number</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td><tt>EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ</tt></td>
<td>1930</td>
<td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Enigma I (page does not exist)">Enigma I</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>II</td>
<td><tt>AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE</tt></td>
<td>1930</td>
<td>Enigma I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>III</td>
<td><tt>BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO</tt></td>
<td>1930</td>
<td>Enigma I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IV</td>
<td><tt>ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB</tt></td>
<td>DEC 1938</td>
<td>M3 Army</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>V</td>
<td><tt>VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK</tt></td>
<td>DEC 1938</td>
<td>M3 Army</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VI</td>
<td><tt>JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW</tt></td>
<td>1939</td>
<td>M3 &amp; M4 Naval (FEB 1942)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VII</td>
<td><tt>NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT</tt></td>
<td>1939</td>
<td>M3 &amp; M4 Naval (FEB 1942)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VIII</td>
<td><tt>FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV</tt></td>
<td>1939</td>
<td>M3 &amp; M4 Naval (FEB 1942)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Rotor #</th>
<th><tt>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</tt></th>
<th>Date Introduced</th>
<th>Model Name &amp; Number</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Beta</td>
<td><tt>LEYJVCNIXWPBQMDRTAKZGFUHOS</tt></td>
<td>Spring 1941</td>
<td>M4 R2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gamma</td>
<td><tt>FSOKANUERHMBTIYCWLQPZXVGJD</tt></td>
<td>Spring 1942</td>
<td>M4 R2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reflector A</td>
<td><tt>EJMZALYXVBWFCRQUONTSPIKHGD</tt></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reflector B</td>
<td><tt>YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT</tt></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reflector C</td>
<td><tt>FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL</tt></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reflector B Thin</td>
<td><tt>ENKQAUYWJICOPBLMDXZVFTHRGS</tt></td>
<td>1940</td>
<td>M4 R1 (M3 + Thin)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reflector C Thin</td>
<td><tt>RDOBJNTKVEHMLFCWZAXGYIPSUQ</tt></td>
<td>1940</td>
<td>M4 R1 (M3 + Thin)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ETW</td>
<td><tt>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</tt></td>
<td></td>
<td>Enigma I</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Technical comments related to Enigma modifications 1939-1945.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Swiss K">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Swiss_K">Swiss K</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>In 1941 it became known to the Swiss that some of their Enigma traffic was being read by the French. It was decided to make some design modifications.</li>
<li>One of the modifications consisted in modifying the wheel stepping on the Swiss Army machine. The slow, left-hand wheel was made stationary during operation while the second wheel stepped with every key stroke.</li>
<li>The third wheel and the UKW would step in the normal fashion with Enigma stepping for the third wheel.</li>
<li>The stationary but rotatable left-hand wheel was meant to make up for the missing stecker connections on the commercial machine.</li>
<li><i>Swiss Army Enigma machines were the only machines modified. The surviving Swiss Air Force machines do not show any signs of modification. Machines used by the diplomatic service apparently were not altered either.</i></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Turnover positions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Turnover_positions">Turnover positions</span></h2>
<p>In this table the turnover point of each rotor is listed. For more details on how the rotors move, please check the <tt>Stepping motion</tt> section and the remarks on double-stepping in the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> article.</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>Rotor</th>
<th>Notch</th>
<th>Effect</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td>Q</td>
<td>If rotor steps from Q to R, the next rotor is advanced</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>II</td>
<td>E</td>
<td>If rotor steps from E to F, the next rotor is advanced</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>III</td>
<td>V</td>
<td>If rotor steps from V to W, the next rotor is advanced</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IV</td>
<td>J</td>
<td>If rotor steps from J to K, the next rotor is advanced</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>V</td>
<td>Z</td>
<td>If rotor steps from Z to A, the next rotor is advanced</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VI, VII, VIII</td>
<td>Z+M</td>
<td>if rotor steps from Z to A, or from M to N the next rotor is advanced</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Normalized Enigma sequences">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Normalized_Enigma_sequences">Normalized Enigma sequences</span></h3>
<p>In the following examples you can observe a normal step sequence and a double step sequence. The used rotors are (from left to right) I, II, III, with turnovers on <tt>Q</tt>, <tt>E</tt> and <tt>V</tt>. It is the right rotor's behavior we observe here (turnover <tt>V</tt>).</p>
<dl>
<dd><i>Normal sequence:</i></dd>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><tt>AAU</tt> — normal step of right rotor</li>
<li><tt>AAV</tt> — right rotor (III) goes in V—notch position</li>
<li><tt>ABW</tt> — right rotor takes middle rotor one step further</li>
<li><tt>ABX</tt> — normal step of right rotor</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dd><i>Double step sequence:</i></dd>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><tt>ADU</tt> — normal step of right rotor</li>
<li><tt>ADV</tt> — right rotor (III) goes in V—notch position</li>
<li><tt>AEW</tt> — right rotor steps, takes middle rotor (II) one step further, which is now in its own E—notch position</li>
<li><tt>BFX</tt> — normal step of right rotor, double step of middle rotor, normal step of left rotor</li>
<li><tt>BFY</tt> — normal step of right rotor</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<p>Several unknown models of the Enigma machine have been discovered [...]</p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://home.comcast.net/~dhhamer/downloads/enigvar2.pdf">http://home.comcast.net/~dhhamer/downloads/enigvar2.pdf</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma_rotor_details&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<p>General references to Enigma rotors</p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cripto.es/museo/rotor.htm">http://www.cripto.es/museo/rotor.htm</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ellsbury.com/enigmabombe.htm">http://www.ellsbury.com/enigmabombe.htm</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ellsbury.com/ultraenigmawirings.htm">http://www.ellsbury.com/ultraenigmawirings.htm</a></li>
</ul>
<p>References for commercial rotor wiring</p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://frode.home.cern.ch/frode/crypto/BPAbwehr/Abwehr_theft.html">http://frode.home.cern.ch/frode/crypto/BPAbwehr/Abwehr_theft.html</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://frode.home.cern.ch/frode/crypto/BPAbwehr/g-312.zip">http://frode.home.cern.ch/frode/crypto/BPAbwehr/g-312.zip</a> (Cryptologia January 2000)</li>
</ul>
<p>General category</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_machine" title="Rotor machine">Rotor machine</a></li>
</ul>


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